从上文中可以看出,将adulterated译为假药、掺假,并未准确、达意,反而有差之毫厘、谬以千里之嫌。现在采用较多的译法是译为掺杂,也没有能够准确表达和涵盖21 USC 351中对Adulterated drugs and devices的定义。比较准确地表达出adulterated含义的是《英汉大词典》词条释义“(在质量、工艺、包装标签等方面)不符合法定标准的”和《21世纪大英汉词典》词条释义 “(在质量、纯度、工艺、加工、包装标签等方面)不符合法定标准的”,尤以后者为甚。
Manipulation一词的释义和翻译建议
Manipulation一词的释义,不妨从Manipulate入手。Manipulate含有灵巧、熟练地处理之意(dexterity and adroitness of handling),最基本的用法强调机械和技巧,例如<able to manipulate the most delicate scientific apparatus>,<the kind of courage required for the mountaineers, for manipulating an airplane, or for managing a small ship in a gale. — Russel> 常见的atomic manipulation(原子操作)、 molecular manipulation(分子操作)、data manipulation (数据操作)就有这样的含义。作为引申用法时,有巧妙和艺术(crafty and artful)地,甚至有时带有出于自己的目的,欺骗性地操纵、粉饰自己成就之意。例如,<a small group of men by manipulating the convention were able to procure the nomination of their candidate> <agencies by which some human beings manipulate other human beings for their own advantage. — Dewey>从语气的轻重程度看,Manipulate的近义词是handle, wield, swing, ply。Manipulate的含义有别于falsify(伪造,篡改) (近义词:misrepresent(虚假陈述,歪曲), belie(掩饰,隐瞒), garble(断章取义、混淆)),也有别于interpolate(插入、篡改)和tamper(篡改,与with连用)。因此,Manipulation应理解为操作、操控。