里宾斯基五规则(Lipinski's rule of five、Ro5),也称类药五原则、类药五规则,是辉瑞公司药物化学家Christopher A. Lipinski于1997年对通过I期临床试验进入到II期试验的药物进行结构特征分析总结得到的经验规则,用于评估类药性分子的溶解度和渗透性。所谓类药性分子,是指与已知药物具有相似性质的化合物,虽然该类化合物并不是药物,但是具有成药可能性。值得注意的是,Lipinski在创建用于分析的化合物库时,去除了不属于小分子药物的化合物(核苷酸、肽类化合物以及多聚体),关注小分子化合物的口服生物利用度和药代动力学性质。
参考资料
参考法规文献、案例等10+,包括:
Lipinski, C A et al. “Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings.” Advanced drug delivery reviews vol. 46,1-3 (2001): 3-26. doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00129-0
Pollastri, Michael P. “Overview on the Rule of Five.” Current protocols in pharmacology vol. Chapter 9 (2010): Unit 9.12. doi:10.1002/0471141755.ph0912s49
Stegemann, Sven et al. “Trends in oral small-molecule drug discovery and product development based on product launches before and after the Rule of Five.” Drug discovery today vol. 28,2 (2023): 103344. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103344
Human gene therapy: Human gene therapy seeks to modify or manipulate the expression of a gene or to alter the biological properties of living cells for therapeutic use.
Human gene therapy product: FDA generally considers human gene therapy products to include all products that mediate their effects by transcription or translation of transferred genetic material or by specifically altering host (human) genetic sequences. FDA Long Term Follow-up After Administration of Human Gene Therapy Products
嵌合抗原受体T细胞(Chimeric antigen rerceptor T-cell,CAR-T)是一种经过基因工程改造的T细胞,表达人造CAR而用于免疫治疗。CAR-T治疗的原理如图2所示,由病人血液采集单核细胞,随后将CAR基因转导并进行细胞的体外扩增。回输人体后,表达在T细胞上的嵌合抗原受体赋予T细胞识别肿瘤细胞特定抗原的能力,当CAR结合抗原后,激活CAR-T细胞,使 T 细胞通过直接与肿瘤细胞表面的特异性抗原相结合而激活,通过释放穿孔素、颗粒酶素 B 等直接杀伤肿瘤细胞,同时还通过释放细胞因子募集人体内源性免疫细胞杀伤肿瘤细胞,从而达到治疗肿瘤的目的,而且还可形成免疫记忆 T 细胞从而获得特异性的抗肿瘤长效机制。目前,CAR-T 细胞对多种血液肿瘤显示了非常好的临床效果,对实体瘤治疗也表现出了非常大的潜力。
参考资料
参考法规指南、文献、案例、问答、课程等30+,包括:
June CH, O'Connor RS, Kawalekar OU, Ghassemi S, Milone MC. CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer. Science. 2018;359(6382):1361‐1365. doi:10.1126/science.aar6711
Jensen, Trine I.; Axelgaard, Esben; Bak, Rasmus O. (June 2019). "Therapeutic gene editing in haematological disorders with CRISPR/Cas9". British Journal of Haematology. 185 (5): 821–835. doi:10.1111/bjh.15851. ISSN 1365-2141. PMID 30864164.
药品经营质量管理规范(Good distribution practices,GDP,GSP) 为加强药品经营质量管理,规范药品经营行为,保障人体用药安全、有效,根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》、《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》,我国制定了药品经营质量管理规范 。本规范是药品经营管理和质量控制的基本准则,企业应当在药品采购、储存、销售、运输等环节采取有效的质量控制措施,确保药品质量,并按照国家有关要求建立药品追溯系统,实现药品可追溯。
Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, also known as the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use, is a comprehensive regulatory framework that governs various aspects of medicinal products, including their definitions, scope, placement on the market, manufacture, importation, labelling, advertising, and pharmacovigilance, among other things. This directive has been amended several times to incorporate new regulations and to address evolving needs in the pharmaceutical sector.
Applicable Positions:
Regulatory Affairs (RA): Must stay updated on all changes to ensure regulatory compliance.
Quality Assurance (QA): Ensures that manufacturing and quality control processes adhere to the guidelines.
Research and Development (R&D): Needs to be aware of the definitions and classifications that may affect new drug development.
Clinical Research: Should be knowledgeable about the requirements for clinical trials and pharmacovigilance.
Marketing Authorization Holder (MAH): Responsible for compliance with all aspects of the directive, including pharmacovigilance and product labelling.
Work Suggestions:
RA: Continuously monitor updates and amendments to Directive 2001/83/EC to ensure timely implementation of changes.
QA: Develop and maintain quality systems that are aligned with the directive's requirements for GMP and GDP.
R&D: Design research projects with awareness of the directive's classifications and definitions to facilitate smooth regulatory pathways.
Clinical Research: Ensure that clinical trials are conducted and reported in compliance with the directive, focusing on safety and efficacy.
MAH: Maintain oversight of all activities related to the product's lifecycle, from development through to post-marketing surveillance.
Scope of the Directive:
Applies to all medicinal products for human use intended to be placed on the market within the European Union.
Covers chemical药品, biological制品, vaccines, radiopharmaceuticals, and advanced therapy medicinal products.
Includes regulations for both innovative drugs and generic medicines, as well as specific provisions for homeopathic and herbal medicinal products.
Key Points from the Directive:
Definitions and Classifications: The directive provides a comprehensive list of definitions for terms such as medicinal product, active substance, excipient, and various categories of medicinal products, including advanced therapy medicinal products and homeopathic medicinal products.
Marketing Authorization: No medicinal product can be placed on the market unless a marketing authorization has been issued by the competent authorities, with specific procedures for mutual recognition and decentralized procedures.
Pharmacovigilance: A robust system for monitoring the safety of authorized medicinal products and detecting any changes to their risk-benefit balance is mandatory.
Manufacture and Importation: Manufacturing of medicinal products is subject to authorization and must comply with good manufacturing practices (GMP).
Labelling and Package Leaflet: Specific requirements ensure that all necessary information is provided to healthcare professionals and patients, including details of the product, its uses, dosage, and potential side effects.
Conclusion: The directive sets out a stringent regulatory framework aimed at ensuring the quality, safety, and efficacy of medicinal products available in the EU. It is essential for all relevant stakeholders in the pharmaceutical industry to be fully acquainted with its contents and to implement the necessary processes to comply with its requirements. Regular updates and revisions to the directive reflect the evolving nature of the pharmaceutical sector and the ongoing commitment to protect public health.