1998年,由抗EPO抗体诱发的纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血(PRCA)发生率突然升高,且大多发生在皮下注射Eprex(EPO alfa)的慢性肾损伤患者身上...In 1998, an increase in the incidence of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) was observed that was associated with anti-erythropoietin antibodies and associated with the subcutaneous (s.c.) use of Eprex (epoetin alpha) in patients with chronic renal failure.
2004年,新英格兰医学杂志曾发表了一篇题为 Pure red-cell aplasia and epoetin therapy. (Bennett CL. 2004) 的论文,详细阐述了在促红细胞生成素(epoetin,EPO)治疗中,曾观察到不良事件——纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血(pure red cell aplasia,PRCA)表现出发生率的大幅波动。文中回顾了1998年起,EPO诱发PRCA的病例数开始上升,并于2001年达到峰值,在英国、法国、德国、意大利、西班牙等国家都有病例报道。虽然这一分析可能受给药途径、国别、报告日期等因素的制约;但可以发现,在所有案例中,涉及美国境外Eprex的案例,占比高达92%。此外,大多数案例,均是因慢性肾损伤继发性贫血而接受EPO皮下注射治疗的患者(chronic kidney disease patients, or hemodialysis patients)。 [1]
有趣的是,时至今日,这一事件已成为质疑生物类似药有效性或安全性的“经典”案例,许多原研药的销售代表,都会在推广PPT中强调这一案例,并重申一些经典论文中的表述,如:“生物制药产品的生产工艺和程序比传统的小分子药物生产复杂。传统的药物通常是一类相对分子质量在100~1000的化合物分子,而生物制药产品通常是一类较大的,结构复杂的异源性蛋白,相对分子质量在18000~145000。与传统小分子药物的生产相比,生产生物制药的厂家需要大量的批次记录(>250 vs. <10),产品质量检验(>2000 vs. <100),更严格的程序步骤(>5000 vs. <100)以及更多的程序数据入口(>60000 vs.<4000)。生物制药分子的特点是相对分子质量大,结构复杂,其来源多为活体细胞,这些特点决定了其对生产环境的敏感性。细胞培养的条件(温度、营养)、产品的加工、纯化、储存和包装都会影响产品的生产,整个过程中的微小差别会对最终产品的质量、纯度、生物特性以及临床效果产生巨大的影响。”[7]
Reference
[1] Bennett C L, Luminari S, Nissenson A R, et al. Pure red-cell aplasia and epoetin therapy[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 2004, 351(14): 1403-1408. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa040528
[2] McKoy J M, Stonecash R E, Cournoyer D, et al. Epoetin‐associated pure red cell aplasia: past, present, and future considerations[J]. Transfusion, 2008, 48(8): 1754-1762. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730535/
[3] Louët S. Lessons from Eprex for biogeneric firms[J]. Nature biotechnology, 2003, 21(9): 956-957. http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v21/n9/full/nbt0903-956.html
[4] Locatelli F, Aljama P, Barany P, et al. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and antibody-mediated pure red-cell aplasia: here are we now and where do we go from here?[J]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 2004, 19(2): 288-293. <As Pure red-cell aplasia and epoetin therapy. Bennett CL, ref(22)> http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/2/288.short
[5] Schellekens H, Jiskoot W. Eprex-associated pure red cell aplasia and leachates[J]. Nature biotechnology, 2006, 24(6): 613-614.
http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v24/n6/full/nbt0606-613.html
[6] Boven, K., S. Stryker, et al. (2005). "The increased incidence of pure red cell aplasia with an Eprex formulation in uncoated rubber stopper syringes." Kidney Int 67(6): 2346-2353. FDA Guidance Immunogenicity Assessment for Therapeutic Protein Products 2014
[7] Schellekens H. Manufacture and quality control of biopharmaceuticals[J]. Revista Espanola de Economıa de la Salud, 2008, 6: 340-344.